Power in International Relations - 2084 Words

The conception is power in International Relations is a key to a better understanding of the discipline. In many cases the definition of power affects the way in which many issues are tackled in foreign policy or security. There are many theories that try to deal with the conception of power, however they make a rather large number of assumptions that might make them difficult to applicable in real life. Furthermore many of them does not take into consideration that power evolves, therefore if we want to understand and conceptualize power in the international sphere it is crucial to analyze different theories and conceptions of it.This essay will argue that power is a broad term that can best be conceptualized and explained in IR by a multiplicity of theories. In making this argument, this essay will first explain why power power is crucial in the study of International Relations. Then two theories of power from the realist tradition , one of the neoliberalist tradition, one of postm odernism and a critical theory of realism will be outlined. This theories of power will be explained and compared in order to create a complete conceptualization of the term power than can be applied to the twentieth first century The realist view of International Relations explains that power is crucial for International Relations because every state is in the pursuit of it. Furthermore the words power and powerful are used very often in the international spectrum, however a definition of itShow MoreRelatedInternational Relations : The Distribution Of Power, Development, And Dependency Within States1070 Words   |  5 PagesInternational relations are completely based off of anarchy and states making interactions between each other. Marxism helps explain a state’s ideals for why they make interactions and for what reasons. It is a theory that states how the world is being ran off of actors wanting total control over the distribution of goods and means of production in a free market defined by the want for profit. These ideals bring out what drives the interactions between states internationally; which in turn helpsRead MoreWhat Is Power And What Forms Can It Shape? International Relations? Essay1672 W ords   |  7 PagesThroughout, political history, power has played a distinguished part in the causes and understanding of how and why state actors fight, cooperate and live with one another. Moreover, power in international society has never been disturbed equally. Therefore, what is power and what forms can it shape to affect international relations? The three political theories of realism, marxism and social constructivism define power in association with the taxonomy principles of concepts. Therefore, it is theRead MoreInformation Is A Source Of Power In International Relations.967 Words   |  4 PagesInformation is a source of power in international relations. Technology is the capability by which states store information. More so now than ever, countries heavily rely on information technology and data storage in order to facilitate the basic functioning of a state. However, when any state places enough importance on a resource of power, that resource becomes a target. An a ttack on informational structures of a state are cyber-attacks or â€Å"the use of computational technologies in cyberspace forRead MoreThe Five International Relations Theories, Realism, Liberalism, And Feminism1241 Words   |  5 PagesThree of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst in humanity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war, and will go on the offensive if it means gaining more power and respect. Liberals do not thinkRead MorePower As A General Political Science827 Words   |  4 PagesPower in politics is a central concept, yet a contested one for a multitude of reasons. Chief among them is its contested nature and disagreement among political scientists over the c oncept itself as well as its operationalization. I refrain from further exploring the literature on power as a general political science concept and focus on its aspects related to negotiation. From an international relations perspective, realists for example, emphasize on the materialistic aspect of power; militaryRead MoreBreaking Open Japan, by George Feifer1258 Words   |  6 PagesJapan: Commodore Perry, Lord Abe, and American Imperialism in 1853. New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2006. pp. xx, 389 p.: ill., maps; 24 cm. ISBN: 0060884320 (hardcover: alk. paper). Format: Book. Subjects: Japan Foreign relations United States /United States Foreign relations Japan. 2. A statement regarding the author: George Feifer is a native of Roxbury, Connecticut. He has written for a wide array of publications. He is a â€Å"well-known† and veteran author with many successful books. SomeRead MoreInformation Technology And The World Wide Web Creating New Bases For Power And Domination897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Are information technology and the World Wide Web creating new bases for power and domination? There are various levels of domination that are associated with technology. For instance, employers can use this to create businesses opportunities that span the world. Jobs can be outsourced allowing for one nation to profit without paying or supplying their workers with fair wages or safe work environment according to their federal guidelines. They can profit off cheap labor and unethical standardsRead MoreRealism And The Theory Of Realism1939 Words   |  8 Pagesspecifically, the international system, realists focus their ideas about how international relations work based upon the concepts of power and security.† (Realism in International Relations, 2017) The University of Stanford gives an overall idea that â€Å"Realists consider the principal actors in the international arena to be states, which are concerned with their own security, act in pursuit of their own national interests, and struggle for power.† (Political Realism in International Relations (StanfordRea d MoreA Practical Example Of The Indochina War Essay1798 Words   |  8 Pagesdepending upon the stability of the means or ends, it may change if new means become available or if different ends appear to be preferable. Strategist understanding of the tangible and intangible factors and instruments of national power in addition to the interplay relation and weighing them collectively is a key to formulate and execute strategy. In this paper, I will explain these factors, how they are interconnected and how strategists should weigh them in formulating and executing strategy alongRead MoreWhat Caused The 1992-1996 Afghan Civil War : Will History Repeat Itself?3614 Words   |  15 Pageswhy conflict occurs, it fails to prevent the march toward war. This paper explores Kenneth Waltz’s three levels, or â€Å"images’ of conflict. Waltz, the founder of neorealism, established the foundation for one of the two currently accepted international relations schools, the other Neoliberalism. This essay compares Waltz’s theory to other contemporary thinkers, then applies it to the 1992-1996 Afghan Civil War. The paper concludes by noticing the similarities events during the civil wars period

Karl Marx and the Ideal Society Essay - 2547 Words

Karl Marx and the Ideal Society One of the greatest debates of all time has been regarding the issue of the freedom of mankind. The one determining factor, for Marx, it that freedom is linked with class conflict. As a historian, Karl Marx traced the history of mankind by the ways in which the economy operated and the role of classes within the economy. For Marx, the biggest question that needed to be answered was â€Å"Who owns freedom?† With this in mind, Marx gives us a solution to both the issues of freedom and class conflict in his critique of capitalism and theory of communism, which is the ideal society for Marx. His theory of communism is based on the â€Å"ultimate end of human history† because there will be freedom for all humankind.†¦show more content†¦Marx dismissed the relevance of all but two of these classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, because they didnt have any real impact on society as a whole. They werent in a position to exploit labor. His theory focuses on the conflict and antagonism between those who owned the modes of production, the bourgeoisie, and those who were forced into selling their labor to them, the proletariat. As Marx saw it, class is about the transfer of surplus (profit) from below and the exercise of power from above. The class with the means of material production also has the means of intellectual control. Those in charge have a political doctrine to control their interests, at whatever cost. This led to what Marx terms brain colonization. The concept of ideology was used in the defense of capitalism. It was a strategy used to support the system and keep the workers concerns quieted. Liberalism was the ideology used by the bourgeoisie. Marx said, Liberal ideology is used to blind the workers to the injustice of exploitation. It was an official veil to persuade the masses that they are free by extolling the myths of progress to them. They argued that since slavery was no longer used for labor, the workers were indeed fre e. The workers were also told to find happiness and freedom through religion for their material conditions were asShow MoreRelatedWhy Karl Marx Thought Communism was the Ideal Political Party716 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Karl Marx Thought Communism was the Ideal Political Party Karl Marx was brought up in a Jewish community and society in his early years. His father was a lawyer, although he was descended from a long line of rabbis. As opportunities for Jews decreased Karl Marxs father, Herschel, decided to convert from Jewish to Lutheranism, which was the Prussian states religion. The Marx family was very liberal and often held intellectual conversations and was introduced to a lotRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1055 Words   |  5 PagesDerek Ding Economy Ms. Walsh Period D Adam Smith and Karl Marx Adam Smith and Karl Marx are famous for their influential and prominent theories about economics. Two difference thoughts indeed are contributions that can change the world. In Adam Smith s â€Å"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†, he introduced an idea where producers work in ways they want and get paid by how much work they put in. In other words, they can set up prizes that they thinkRead MoreThe Soul And Consciousness Of Revolutionary Politics1482 Words   |  6 Pages(ideology) 6 V Psychology of Political Duty and Freedom 7 VI Conclusion 7 VII Bibliography 8 I In this short paper I will be comparing and contrasting the political psychology of Plato’s Republic and Karl Marx’s political theory. Their concepts of group consciousness will be contrasted as well as how the nature and existence of ideology affect their theories. This will be concluded by a discussion on how the understanding of political psychology contributesRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Middle Of A Revolution1292 Words   |  6 Pageswidening of the gap between the poor and the rich. Aware of the widening gap, Karl Marx wrote out against the problem. However, the problem was still around about fifty years later when Abraham Kuyper also addressed the problem. Both Marx and Kuyper agreed that poverty was a problem and need to be fixed. Each one took a different view on how to fix poverty, and both have their flaws, but in the end, both Karl Marx and Abraham Kuyper are calling for action to end poverty. The problem with povertyRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead More Reaction Paper: Was Marx Wrong?705 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Karl Marx was an influential character of history, a man of tremendous intelligence as well as a great inspiration to many philosphers and people past and present. Karl Marx was a man of action for the less fortunate class, in that sense his theories are not wrong, to a certain extent they are positve inquisitions. It is those whom have practiced Marx theories that have misinterpreted his works giving Karl Marx a negative demeanor. Specifically Lenin andRead MoreThe Contribution O f Karl Marx Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagescontribution of Karl Marx to the study of sociology, throughout this essay I will be discussing what Marxism is, how Marxism has affected today’s society as well as academics that did not agree with Marx’s theories. Marxism is the social and economic system based on the theories of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818, Marx studied law and Berlin University but later changed to philosophy until finally perusing his interest in journalism. When Marx finished hisRead MoreSocial Ideals Of The Justices Of Society And Historical Class Rankings911 Words   |  4 PagesHaving read the unique social ideals of both John Rawls and Karl Marx I intend to explain both philosophers points of view on the justices of society and historical class rankings. I would like to share their similarities and differences as each made valid points on history. Next, I intend to share the reasoning behind my findings and that of the philosopher s ideas. Finally, I will share my appreciation for Karl Marx, as he has influenced my views thus far. Original Position and Natural State Read More The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society The German political philosopher and revolutionary, Karl Marx is best known for his radical concepts of society. His socialist views are best seen in his work Communist Manifesto. As one of the most influential thinkers of all times, he was able to convey revolutionary ideas in a manner that all could understand. Due to its comprehendible nature and usefulness to the people of his time this document was widely popularRead MoreGovernment And Societal Ideas From The 19th Century1232 Words   |  5 Pages19th Century, three prominent thinkers John Stuart Mill, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Karl Marx had their own ideas of an ideal society. These individuals had their own unique view of the perfect society. However, they all have something in common with their visions: all of these excerpts discussed an oppressive entity. In all of the three ideal societies concocted by these men, tyrannical governments or oppressive societies are obstacles to their visions. In the excerpt from John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty

Company Is Required To Follow Guidelines -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Company Is Required To Follow Guidelines? Answer: Introducation The annual report of the company is the report which represents the detailed financial statements of the company for that particular period and along with that the directors report and the independent auditors report is also included in the annual report. Through this report, the financial report of the company has been analyzed. The company that has been chosen for the purpose of the analysis is the Blue Sky Alternative Investment Limited. The main body of the report has been divided into seven parts. The first part is dealt with the composition of the equity of the company. The second part deals with the income tax expense for the current year as stated in the financial statements. The third part deals with the comparison of tax expense with the net profit of the company. The fourth part deals with the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities of the company. The fifth part deals with the recording of income tax provision in the financial statements and how the same is d ifferent with income tax expense. The sixth part deals with the analysis of the tax expense as shown in the cash flow statement and the last part deals with the overall analysis of the equity and tax expense of the company. The report is then ended up with the conclusion and recommendation. The consolidated statement of changes in equity has provided the composition of the equity. It consists of four major parts. These are as follows: Contributed Equity It is that part of equity which represents the amount that has been received from the shareholders of the company in lieu of the shares issued to them. Reserves It consists of that part of profits which are available for use for the specified purpose. For instance, employee shares option reserve, redemption reserve, etc. Accumulated Profits It consists of the every years balance of the profit that has been accumulated and is available for use for general purpose. Non Controlling interest It represents that portion of the share in the company which is not sufficiently large and is only regarded as the measure of control. There have been changes observed over the past year. These are Contributed equity has been increased by $1,002,000 due to the issue of shares made during the year. Reserve has been increased due to the creation of employees share option reserve. Accumulated profit has been increased by $20,634,000 being the profit for the year and has been decreased by $10,783,000 being the dividend paid by the company during the year. At the end the accumulated profit has been achieved at $26,664,000. Non Controlling interest has been increased by $51,000 as part of the profit of the year and then decreased by disposition of non controlling interest amounting to $12,322,000 and by dividends amounting to $5,672,000 and at the end the non controlling interest is negative $293,000 (Company Official Website, 2017). The current income tax expense as reported by the company in the financial statements of the company is $4,771,000. The same has been reported in Note number nine of the financial statements of the company. As per the accounting policy of the company, current income tax expense is the tax payable on that periods taxable income. The taxable income is calculated by applying the provisions of the income tax law. As per the income tax law, some additions were made and accordingly the taxable income is arrived. On that taxable income, the tax is calculated by multiplying with the applicable Australian taxation rate. As per the consolidated statement of profit and loss account, the income tax expense consists of the current income tax and the amount of deferred tax. The total tax expense is $9,043 but the related current tax expense that has been included in that amount is $4,771,000. The screen shot of the same is given in Appendix (Company Official Website, 2017): No, the tax expense as reported in the financial statements of the company namely consolidated statement of profit and loss will not be equivalent to the tax expense so arrived after multiplying the accounting income with the Australian taxation rate applicable for the year ending 30th of June 2017. The same has been depicted with the reconciliation statement that has been prepared and made available for the purpose of analysis at note number nine of the financial statements of the company. The note number nine shows that there have been tax effects amounts which are nondeductible and taxable which has been included in the calculation of the current tax expense. The reconciliation statements have been produced below so as to check and confirm the reason for the difference between the two Tax Expenses Particulars Amount in $000 Profit before income tax 29,728 Tax at the Australian tax rate of 30% 8,918 Tax effect deductible/(taxable) Franked distribution (895) Non-deductible 148 Non-assessable income 113 Deferred tax balances not brought to account (661) Foreign Tax Rate Effect 1,420 Expense - Income Tax 9,043 Stated in Consolidated Statement 9,043 (Company Official Website, 2017) Because of the above non deductible and tax effects, there is the difference between the income tax as reported in the financial statements and the tax expense so calculated by applying the income tax rate to profit before tax. As per the accounting policy of the company, the company has to mandatorily report the deferred tax assets and liabilities in the balance sheet and accordingly charge the deferred tax expense or deferred tax income in the consolidated statement of the profit and loss. Following are the deferred tax asset and liabilities reported in the financial statement of the company: Deferred Tax Asset set off against deferred tax liability - $8,584,000 Deferred Tax Liability before set off - $19,459,000 and after set off - $10,875,000 (Company Official Website, 2017). The deferred tax asset and liability is created only when there are temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized only when there is the probable certainty that the company will have the taxable income in the coming future years which will be able to set off the deferred tax assets so created. The carrying value of the deferred tax assets is evaluated at the end of the each year and accordingly the additions or deletions are made. The deferred tax liabilities are recognized in all the cases except the areas which involves the investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and in case any tax or liability arises from the recognition of the goodwill individually (AASB, 2012). Both the deferred tax assets and liabilities can be offset in case it is legally enforceable and pertains to the same tax authority. Yes, the company has made the provision for income tax and mentioned as income tax payable amounting to $1,345,000. Yes, the company has recorded the current assets for the financial year ending 30th of June 2017 amounting to $33,200,000. The company has off set the deferred tax assets with the deferred tax liability amounting to $8954 because of the reason that the offset is allowable as they belongs to the same authority (Company Official Website, 2017). The difference between the current tax expense and the income tax provision is that the former includes the tax effect on the temporary differences whereas the latter only includes the tax payable on the income. No the income tax expense shown in the consolidated income statement and the income tax expense shown in the cash flow statement will not be the same. It is because of the following reasons: The tax expense shown in the consolidated statement of profit and loss account includes not only the tax expense but also the tax effects on the temporary differences. Thus it includes the deferred tax expense. Cash flow statement represents the actual inflow of cash and outflow of cash that has occurred during the period. It does not take into account the accruals. The tax expense shown in the consolidated cash flow statement will be the amount of tax which has been paid by the company during the period under consideration for which the financial statements have been prepared. After analyzing the tax expense in detail with the understanding of the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities, I have found the analysis of tax expense very interesting and easy. The companys financial statements have given the way as to how to deal with the tax expense related in different scenarios. Like in the profit and loss tax expense is different and under the current liabilities the amount of tax expense gets differs which has enable me to understand the different aspects of the tax expense in detail. Secondly the reconciliation has cleared the doubt on the tax on the accounting income as mentioned in the income tax expense reconciliation statement. Conclusion The annual report is mainly presented by the companies to the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company so that every potential investor and the existing investor can have the knowledge as to how the company is working and how far the company has ensured the transparency in its disclosure of the financial statements. The main focus of the report has been on the equity and the tax expense including the deferred tax expense. To conclude the report, it is obvious that the company is required to follow the guidelines of the accounting standards along with the Australian taxation law and accordingly shall make the best possible disclosure wherever possible. As per the analysis of the financial statements, the recommendation will be that more transparency shall be ensured in the financial statements so that every common layman can understand each and every aspect. References AASB, (2012), Income Taxes, retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB112_07-04_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf accessed on 24/01/2018. Company Official Website, (2017), Annual report, retrieved from blueskyfunds.com.au/us/ accessed on 24/01/2018.

Employee Compensation and Pension Plans free essay sample

A study of Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA) and Roth-IRA personal retirement savings plans. This paper examines the viable options for personal retirement saving: Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA) and the Roth-IRA. The paper describes the tax benefits of the funds and the annual contribution limits. It provides complex information on stock option plans and stock ownership plans. The paper is packed with statistics and charts on the financial benefits for these plans. Table of Contents 1. Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA) and Roth-IRA 2. Traditional and Roth IRA 3. Annual Contribution Limits 4. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) and 401(k) Plan 5. Incentive Stock Option Plan 6. References Generally called an Individual Retirement Account is a personal retirement savings plan that is available to anyone during the year who receives taxable compensation. For contribution purposes of IRA, compensation includes salaries, alimony, fees, wages, bonuses, commissions, tips, taxable and separate maintenance payments (Quinn. 1998).